File transfer is a core component of modern IT operations. Two of the most widely used protocols for moving files across networks are FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol). While they may seem similar at first glance, they differ greatly in terms of security, architecture, and use cases. This article outlines the key differences between FTP vs SFTP, including their technical structure, security features, and ideal use cases.
What Is FTP?
FTP is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server. Developed in the 1970s, it operates over TCP/IP and establishes two separate connections: one for commands and one for data.
FTP does not offer encryption by default. All data—including login credentials and transferred files—is transmitted in plaintext, posing serious security risks when used over untrusted networks.
What Is SFTP?
SFTP, or SSH File Transfer Protocol, is a secure file transfer method built on the SSH protocol. It uses a single, encrypted connection to transmit both commands and data, ensuring full confidentiality and integrity of the transferred information.
Unlike FTP, SFTP encrypts both the login credentials and the data itself, making it a preferred choice for secure environments and regulated industries.
Key Differences Between FTP vs SFTP
FTP and SFTP differ significantly in design and capabilities. Below are the core distinctions:
- FTP uses multiple ports; SFTP uses only one.
- FTP transmits data unencrypted; SFTP uses SSH encryption.
- FTP relies on simple username/password authentication; SFTP supports secure SSH keys.
- FTP requires more complex firewall configurations; SFTP is easier to configure.
- FTP may be faster in some environments; SFTP adds encryption overhead but is far more secure.
Security Considerations
FTP is inherently insecure when used over open networks. It leaves data and credentials exposed, making it vulnerable to interception and tampering.
SFTP, on the other hand, encrypts all data in transit, protecting against man-in-the-middle attacks and unauthorized access. It also allows for more secure authentication methods such as key-based login, which is considered best practice in modern systems.
Performance and Compatibility
FTP can offer marginally faster transfers due to its lack of encryption, which might be useful in closed, high-trust networks or legacy systems.
SFTP is slightly slower but provides superior stability and compatibility with contemporary IT environments, particularly those requiring compliance with data protection regulations.
When to Use FTP
FTP is still used in cases where:
- The network is fully trusted and internal.
- The data being transferred is not sensitive.
- Legacy applications require FTP.
If FTP is necessary, it should be used with additional layers of protection such as VPNs or upgraded to FTPS (FTP Secure), which adds SSL/TLS encryption.
When to Use SFTP
SFTP is strongly recommended when:
- Data security is a priority.
- Transferring over public or untrusted networks.
- Systems support SSH access.
- Automating secure transfers in DevOps or CI/CD workflows.
Choosing the Right Protocol
The choice depends on your specific requirements:
- For secure and encrypted data transfers, SFTP is the best option.
- For compatibility with older systems in controlled environments, FTP (or FTPS) may still be suitable.
- Consider future-proofing your infrastructure by adopting protocols that support secure, centralized authentication methods.
Conclusion
SFTP has emerged as the modern standard for secure file transfer, offering encryption, easier firewall setup, and greater compatibility with today’s cybersecurity requirements. FTP, while still in use, is best reserved for very specific scenarios where security is not a concern.
Explore our comprehensive guide to secure file transfer protocols to learn how SFTP can strengthen your infrastructure and protect your data.